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2.
Int. arch. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 19(2): 121-123, Apr-Jun/2015.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-747156

ABSTRACT

Introduction A foreign body (FB) is an object or substance foreign to the location where it is found. FBs in the ear, nose, and throat are a common problem frequently encountered in both children and adults. Objective To analyze FBs in terms of type, site, age, and gender distribution and method of removal. Methods A retrospective study was performed in a tertiary care hospital in the central part of Nepal. The study period was from June 2013 to May 2014. The information was obtained from hospital record books. Results A total of 134 patients had FBs in the ear, nose, or throat; 94 were males and 40 were females. Of the 134 patients, 70 (52.23% ) had FB in the ear, 28 (20.89% ) in the nose, and 36 (26.86% ) in the throat. The FB was animate (living) in 28 (40% ) patients with FB in the ear and 1 (3.5% ) patient with FB in the nose, but the FB was inanimate (nonliving) in any patient with FB in the throat, in 42 (60% ) patients with FB in the ear FB, and in 27 (96.4% ) patients with FB of the nose. The FB was removed with or without local anaesthesia (LA) in 98 (73.13% ) patients, and only 36 patients (26.86% ) required general anaesthesia (GA). The most common age group affected was <10 years. Conclusion FBs in the ear and nose were found more frequently in children, and the throat was the most common site of FB in adults and elderly people. Most of the FBs can be easily removed in emergency room or outpatient department. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology , Oncogenes/physiology , Receptors, Notch/physiology , Erythrocytes/physiology , Genes, Switch , Hematologic Neoplasms/drug therapy , Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism , Hematopoiesis/genetics , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Signal Transduction/physiology
4.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 146(2): 136-143, mar.-abr. 2010. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-566761

ABSTRACT

La hematotoxicología es un área poco estudiada en nuestro país y es limitado el conocimiento sobre el efecto que ciertos contaminantes atmosféricos inducen en la sangre y en la médula ósea. La contaminación por partículas suspendidas ha cobrado más interés, por los contaminantes que se adhieren a su superficie. Un ejemplo es el benceno, relacionado con aplasia medular y leucemia. Algunos metales que también están en las partículas inhaladas son hematotóxicos. Uno de ellos es el vanadio, que nuestro grupo ha identificado como un agente inductor de alteraciones en la megacariopoyesis, lo que motivó esta revisión. Las plaquetas desempeñan un papel muy importante en la hemostasia y derivan de la célula más grande de la médula ósea: el megacariocito. Hasta hace algunos años desconocíamos casi todo del megacariocito, pero con la clonación de la trombopoyetina, en 1994, la principal hormona reguladora de la producción plaquetaria, ha existido un desarrollo acelerado en el conocimiento de la megacariopoyesis. Este artículo hace una revisión de la megacariopoyesis y su regulación, con énfasis en las vías de señalización implicadas. Además, se mencionan algunas enfermedades relacionadas y se discuten las perspectivas de investigación de este proceso, con énfasis en la toxicología.


Hematotoxicology has been studied with less interest than other fields associated with atmospheric pollution. There is limited knowledge about on the effects that certain atmospheric pollutants may provoke in the blood and bone marrow. Suspended particle pollution has become an area of scientific inquiry due to the contaminants adhering to its surface. We have identified the association of inhaled vanadium and variations in megakaryopoyesis and thrombopoyesis. Platelets are the smallest elements in the blood, but they play a strategic role in hemostasis. They are derived from the largest cell of the bone marrow, the megakaryocite. This cell size is about 150 microm, with apolyploid nucleus and unknown origin until few years ago. When TPO was cloned in 1994 the knowledge about megakaryocyte began to growth exponentially, elucidating the mechanisms of proliferation, differentiation and release of platelets. More information is still needed in order to translate knowledge into clinical application for diseases such as thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis. A review of the current concepts of megakaryopoiesis and its regulation, with emphasis on signaling pathways are presented in this paper; a classification in TPO-dependent and TPO-independent is also detailed. In addition, we review some diseases associated with changes in the signaling pathway of megakaryopoyesis, as well as possible perspectives in this field, including toxicology.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Signal Transduction , Cytokines/physiology , Chemokines/physiology , Thrombopoiesis/physiology
5.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 66(6): 540-546, 2006. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-453022

ABSTRACT

La megacariocitopoyesis y la producción de plaquetas están regidas por factores de transcripción y citoquinas presentes en el microambiente medular. La trombocitemia esencial (TE) es una enfermedad mieloproliferativa crónica caracterizada por aumento del recuento de plaquetas e hiperplasia megacariocítica. En el presente trabajo se evaluaron los niveles de las citoquinas que participan en el desarrollo megacariocítico en plasma de pacientes con TE que se encontraban sin tratamiento y los de trombopoyetina (TPO) antes y durante el tratamiento con anagrelide. Las determinaciones se realizaron por técnica de ELISA. Dentro de las citoquinas involucradas en la etapa de proliferación, los niveles de interleuquina 3 (IL-3) se encontraron aumentados en los pacientes (p=0.0383) respecto al grupo control. Los niveles de factor estimulante de colonias granulocito-macrofágico y stem cell factor fueron normales. Dentro de las citoquinas con acción sobre la maduración megacariocítica, tanto la interleuquina 6 como la interleuquina 11 y la eritropoyetina estuvieron normales. Los niveles de TPO antes del tratamiento no difirieron del grupo control y durante el tratamiento aumentaron de manera no significativa. Los pacientes que presentaron agregación espontánea tuvieron niveles más altos de TPO que los que no lo hicieron (p=0.049). Los niveles de las citoquinas no tuvieron relación con ninguno de los parámetros clínicos ni de laboratorio evaluados. El aumento de los niveles de IL-3 podría contribuir al incremento en la proliferación megacariocítica en este grupo. La presencia simultánea de niveles más altos de TPO y trombocitosis sería un factor predisponente para la ocurrencia de agregación espontánea en los pacientes con TE


Megakaryopoiesis and platelet production are driven by transcription factors and cytokines present in bone marrow environment. Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by high platelet count and megakaryocytic hyperplasia. In the present work we evaluated plasmatic levels of cytokines involved in megakaryocytic development in a group of patients with ET that were not on treatment, as well as thrombopoietin (TPO) levels before and during anagrelide treatment. The assays were carried out using ELISA techniques. Among the cytokines mainly involved in proliferation of megakaryocytic progenitors, interleukin 3 (IL-3) levels were found increased in patients compared to normal controls (p=0.0383). Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and stem cell factor levels were normal. Interleukin 6, as well as interleukin 11 and erythropoietin (EPO), cytokines mainly related to megakaryocytic maturation, were normal. Plasma TPO levels before treatment were within the normal range and increased during treatment but the difference was not statistically significant. Patients who displayed spontaneous platelet aggregation had higher plasma TPO levels compared to those who did not (p=0.049). We did not find any relationship between cytokine levels and clinical or laboratory parameters. The high IL-3 levels seen in some patients with ET could contribute to megakaryocytic proliferation. The simultaneous occurrence of higher TPO levels and elevated platelet count could be a predisposing factor for the development of spontaneous platelet aggregation in ET patients


Subject(s)
Humans , Hematopoiesis/physiology , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Thrombocythemia, Essential/blood , Thrombopoietin/blood , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/blood , Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/drug effects , Hematopoiesis/drug effects , /blood , Megakaryocytes/drug effects , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Platelet Aggregation/drug effects , Platelet Aggregation/physiology , Quinazolines/therapeutic use , Retrospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Stem Cell Factor/blood , Stem Cell Factor/drug effects , Thrombocythemia, Essential/drug therapy , Thrombocytosis/chemically induced , Thrombopoietin/drug effects
6.
An. bras. dermatol ; 69(6): 513-5, nov.-dez. 1994. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-147292

ABSTRACT

A trombocitopenia tem sido raramente descrita em associaçäo à terapêutica com as sulfonas. Relata-se caso de paciente, portador de hanseníase tuberculóide em tratamento com dapsona que evoluiu com plaquetopenia significativa, obtendo recuperaçäo dos valores próximos aos normais após substituiçäo dessa droga pela clofazimina


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Blood Platelets/pathology , Dapsone/adverse effects , Leprosy, Tuberculoid/etiology , Platelet Count , Sulfones/adverse effects , Thrombocytopenia/etiology , Agranulocytosis/chemically induced , Brazil , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Rifampin/adverse effects , Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced
7.
Acta méd. colomb ; 10(4): 177-180, jul.-ago. 1985. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-292748

ABSTRACT

Se describe el caso de una mujer de raza blanca, de 30 años de edad, con anemia crónica de 3 años de evolución, refractaria a tratamiento médico y a esplenectomía. Los estudios citogenéticos demostraron una anomalía única, la delección parcial del brazo largo del cromosoma No. 5, defecto denominado "Síndrome del 5q-" descrito en aproximadamente 15 pacientes en la literatura mundial. Este síndrome aparentemente adquirido se caracteriza por anemia refractaria, moderada leucopenia, trombosistosis e hipolobulación de los megacariocitos. La anemia es resistente a los tratamientos conocidos y no evoluciona a leucemia aguda. La mayor parte de los pacientes fallecen por las complicaciones de la hemosiderosis producida por la gran cantidad de transfusiones que requieren para mantener una hemoglobina adecuada. La terapia quelante de hierro con desferroxamina, utilizando minibombas de infusión continua, es, hasta el momento, la única forma de prevenir la muerte por falla cardíaca en los pacientes dependientes de transfusiones. Este es el primer caso del "Síndrome del 5q-" informado en la literatura médica colombiana


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Thrombocytosis/complications , Thrombocytosis/diagnosis , Thrombocytosis/etiology , Thrombocytosis/epidemiology , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/physiology , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics , Anemia, Refractory/complications , Anemia, Refractory/diagnosis , Anemia, Refractory/epidemiology , Megakaryocytes/physiology , Megakaryocytes/pathology , Chromosome Aberrations/diagnosis , Chromosome Aberrations/etiology , Deferoxamine/administration & dosage , Deferoxamine/therapeutic use , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/etiology , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics , Myelodysplastic Syndromes/drug therapy
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